Lighting foundation and lighting energy saving

(Figure 1) The terminology of light 1. Luminous efficiency: The luminous flux emitted by the light source is measured by lumens (lm), and the luminous flux that can be emitted per watt of electrical energy is the luminous efficiency of the light source, referred to as the luminous efficiency, in units of lm/W. 2, tilt: is K (Kelvin), is a standard black body (some kind of 晷) force hot, 潇 increased to a degree when the color begins with dark red light red orange yellow white blue white one-blue, gradually Change, use this temperature to turn into a special note of color, so that the light color of a light source is the same as the light color of the black body, the absolute temperature of the 1' black body is called the color temperature of the light source. Generally 2700-6500K. (figure omitted) 3, color rendering: the degree of light source for the color of the object, using the color rendering index Ra, 0Ra <100, so that the object color S is the best source of light, its color rendering index is Ra=100. (figure omitted) 4, life: average life: refers to the number of hours when a batch of bulbs are lit up to 50% of the damage is not bright.

Lifetime: The combined beam output is reduced to a fixed number of hours while considering both bulb damage and beam output attenuation. This ratio is 70% when it is generally used for outdoor light sources, and is used for indoor light sources such as low-light lamps. 5. Types of light sources: burning light: torch, oil lamp, candle, tiled, flash.

Electric light source: A, incandescent luminous incandescent lamp vacuum incandescent lamp inflatable white light: single spiral filament inflatable white light double spiral filament inflatable incandescent halogen bell light quartz halogen tungsten lamp: tubular quartz straight crane light polysilicon glass halogen lamp :Spherical quartz halogen lamp (high-power tungsten halogen lamp, low-power low-voltage halogen lamp, low-power low-voltage halogen tungsten lamp) B, gas discharge luminous lamp: day cabin 6500K cold white 4500K warm white 2900K three primary color 3200K Types are thick tube type, thin tube type, compact type (H type, double D type, double U type, ring type) mercury lamp: the month of power withdrawal *15 * Ding, Norwegian ship electric 01: Ding.

High-pressure mercury lamp: general high-pressure mercury lamp, fluorescent high-pressure mercury lamp, self-ballasted high-pressure mercury lamp sodium lamp: bottle sodium light boat Kenting: Kenting.

Metallization: D: metal halide for lighting): D: anti-sodium lamp, xenon lamp, xenon lamp.

塍Use 塍 halide lamp: 塍 halide lamp, double-ended halide lamp, pottery enamel.

Ultraviolet sputum lamp ultra-high pressure bismuth lamp: sodium gamma lamp, xenon lamp, wrought lamp.

Arrow: Long arc Ding short arc Ding pulse c, Infinite lamp: Promise Ying D' field emission and semiconductor luminescence: field sister, E, laser: solid laser, liquid laser, aeronautical F, withdrawing light: luminescent film G , optical fiber: quartz fiber: port light, side light.

Plastic optical fiber: port illumination, side illumination.

1, the luminaire is the electric light source of the fashion and light SB 2, the classification of the light source classification, according to the location > according to the classification > Friends of the Lai and water protection classification is called IP classification.

According to other tearing measures and shed safety classification. The most scientific classification is based on the light distribution characteristics of the luminaire.

(1) According to the regulations, direct lighting type lamps, semi-direct lighting type lamps, direct one-segment lighting type (uniform type) lamps, semi-indirect lighting type lamps, and indirect lighting type lamps.

Classified by light intensity* BZ (BritishZonai) method proposed by the British CIBS Lighting Technician. (BZ1 uses a letter and light to make the lean-poor angle a strong shape. Extra-wide light distribution, wide light distribution, and intermediate light distribution: W-type light distribution type W-type electric light protection is divided into four levels: i The n- and n-level luminaires are luminaires that rely solely on the basic insulator to prevent ihM electricity. They do not have grounding equipment. Such luminaires are not allowed in the UK.

Class I luminaires rely not only on the basic insulation to prevent electric shock, but also a grounded safety device.

n Deng lamps use a safe ultra-low voltage (SELV) power supply to prevent electric shock, or there is no electricity in the power supply that is higher than the human body. There is no danger of electric shock to live parts.

3, the efficiency of lamps (lighting) The efficiency of the lamps is an important light parameter of the lamps. The light passing through the luminaire has some loss. The ratio of the luminous flux Fj emitted from a tfl to the luminous flux Fo emitted by the light source is called the efficiency of the luminaire ri, n=Fj/Fo. The efficiency of the luminaire is the same as that used by Pan and Material related. The light absorbed by the dip not only causes light loss, but also reduces 5 drops. And caused the lamps to rise, shrinking and smashing.

Second, the light source used for lighting energy saving requires high luminous efficiency and long life to save energy.

After ensuring other shed cows, it is required to save energy by itself.

1. Device: Electronic 'inductive electronic ballasts are more energy efficient than magnetic ballasts. Inductive ballasts also have energy-saving and non-energy-saving products.

2, the power saving principle of the power saver is now a lot of power saver, but also different, power saving can be about H30%, low guarantee illumination does not drop or slightly lifted on the premise of energy saving is an effective energy-saving products. It is not possible to replace “energy saving” with “saving”, and it is not possible to use energy to greatly reduce the cost of MS.

(4) Design energy saving In addition to the energy-saving equipment, energy-saving design can be carried out on the line control. For example, the control of the school classroom can be used to save energy by using two regulations.

Make full use of the sun, timely replacement of the light source, often wipe the source of thieves and lamps to save energy.

T* mainly introduces energy-saving lamps A, light source energy-saving lighting energy saving The first task is to use energy-saving light source' The following describes the main technical parameters of several electric light sources (such as D main electric light source type light source type luminous efficiency (1m/W ) Color rendering index (Ra) color temperature white light white light light halogen gas discharge light lamp compact light lamp thick tube straight tube light lamp (T12) T8 straight tube type light lamp T5 straight tube type fluorescent lamp high silver Low light lamp high pressure nano lamp color display ship type high pressure sodium lamp halide lamp cold cathode lamp semiconductor light. Now the lighting industry's most popular energy-saving light source is compact fluorescent lamp (often called energy saving) and T5 straight tube burning Lights. The two sources are described below.

*T5 main features 1. Among all the worklights, the current luminous efficiency is the T5 straight tube electronic spotlight with an efficiency of 96 1ra/ff. For example: T5 type 2 straight straight tube electronic spotlight, the luminous flux is 2700 tube electronic fluorescent lamps are the most energy-saving products for indoor lighting; 2. The life of bribes for T5 straight tube electronic fluorescent lamps is more than 3000h longer than the lamp life specified in GB10682. One is to use a new type of main and auxiliary wire structure cathode, two The electronic ballast is matched with the lamp tube; 3. Under the same gauge, the T5 straight tube electric scorpion shape consumes 40% fP 18% compared with the T12 and T8 glory, respectively. One is the rare earth trichromatic phosgene powder. And the application of protective film, the second is the use of electronic ballast power consumption is almost half of the inductance ballast; 4, T5 straight tube electronic fluorescent lamp color rendering (Ra80) is much better than T12 and T8 halogen powder fluorescent lamp (Ra ~65); 5, T5 straight tube electronic fluorescent lamp and its supporting electronic ballast can be loaded into the T12, T8 highlights (just need to): the pedestal from G13 to G5), easy to install, no Need to replace the lamps; 6, T5 straight tube electronic fluorescent lamps because of the thin diameter, can be easily combined into the required geometry,

The compact electronic flashlight developed in the 1960s has developed a thin-tube floodlight and a compact fluorescent lamp. In order to make the compact acid lamp replace the common large number of ordinary white light, avoid the shortcomings of the straight shape of the straight tube, the ring shape and the u-shaped fluorescent lamp. Developed, the size is similar to that of the incandescent lamp, and the electricity of the Baicai Ding lamp head Ball type ship. The most suitable electric ball: Ding (Figure 2), except for the light-emitting tube and the necessary ballasts, the parts of the lights are all assembled in the lamp with Chenghua-style self-ballasted compact inflammation): Ding, Xi The clear can be made into a matte and milky white, so that the light emitted by the light-emitting tube is evenly distributed through the outer casing. The design of the lamp tube should be compact and compact, and can be placed in the casing, and the well has the luminous efficiency and life degradation of the fluorescent lamp.

The power consumption of the lamp is mainly the electrode loss of the positive column area of ​​the discharge tube of the light-emitting tube, and the longer the luminous tube is, the higher the luminous efficiency is. The spherical type of light-emitting t-light luminous efficiency and Zhou Guan, when the tube wall of the prison is brewed in the surrounding M changes, the light-emitting effect of the lamp also changes.

The ambient temperature of the spherical fluorescent lamp at the maximum light output is 15*c, and the ambient temperature at the maximum light output of the 20W straight tubular fatigue light fcj is 2 (TC, when the ambient temperature of the bulb-type fluorescent lamp is actually 535*C With good light output characteristics.

The initial product of the spherical type of spotlight has a large volume and heavy weight due to the built-in inductive ballast. It is used in the Peng system. With the development of electronic ballasts and the advancement of the processing technology of the luminous tubes, The lamps are rapidly developing in a small, lightweight, and efficient manner. Ball-type compact fluorescent lamps have been developed into two categories: one with a casing and one without a casing.

In the past 20 years, the development of the ball acid lamp to miniaturization has encountered the problem of 5U technology, that is, how to improve the luminous efficiency of the lamp. Since the lamp is operated at a high temperature after miniaturization, the luminous efficiency is affected. Initially, there was a heat release space on the lamp housing, and the light-emitting tube was cooled by heat conduction or air convection. Later, it developed into a gas pressure in the lamp to control the mercury, which solved the technical key to improve the luminous efficiency. At the same time, ij successfully resists the high temperature of the two soil radiant powder, and coats the oxidized film between the lamp tube wall and the luminescent layer to prolong the life of the lamp; and then adopts ffl high frequency to make the compact illuminating lamp The light efficiency is up to 851m/W and the lifespan is extended to over 5,000 hours. Of course, there are many products on the lungs that do not reach this level, so it can only be called 40~851m/ff, and the lifespan is 3000-5000 hours. If the home users can't see the notice, they can only rely on the merchant. And the manufacturer promised or bought back the trial, it is impossible to judge with the eye to see the hand selection, not to mention the lower quality products listed on the market.

The compact light lamps that replace incandescent lamps on the market today are 3W, 5ff, 7ff, 9W, 11W, 13W and 15W. The existing spherical spotlights have significantly reduced volume and weight compared to the initial development, 戌R only For the original 1/4, the weight is only 1/5 of the original. And the pipe diameter is reduced from 15.5nm to lOnrn, the weight of the light pipe is 2/3*, and the electric appliance is small and efficient, which accelerates the small size of Ding. Lightweight, efficient, and processable.

2. Compact fluorescent lamps in the 1990s The compact fluorescent lamps in the 1990s have developed very rapidly. Below are the main products of Japan, which are visible from the top. (See Table 2) Main specifications and characteristics of compact fluorescent lamps (曰本) Table 2 Appearance type Long dimension (mm) Outer diameter Long lamp head rated habitat power (W) Total optical flux quality band Foreign-made electronic compact Fluorescent marking, the national standard stipulates that its life expectancy is 5 hours. From Figure 3, it can be seen that only nine of these energy-saving lamps sold on the market in the ninety-sixth generation have reached the national standard.

(Figure 3) The life of energy-saving lamps is taken from the Journal of Lighting Engineering 4. The market price of electronic compact fluorescent lamps According to the sales survey of compact fluorescent lamps on the market before 1998, most of the sales price is 10 to 50 yuan. Between the market sales price of about 85%; less than 10 yuan and more than 50 yuan of products are few, due to the unstable product quality at that time, home users reflect energy-saving lamps to save money, not affecting the market sales; The continuous improvement of products has greatly improved in recent years. (See Figure 4) (Figure 4) The price of energy-saving lamps is taken from the Journal of Lighting Engineering. 5, 9-watt compact burst analysis is now economic analysis with a 9-watt compact fluorescent lamp instead of 40-watt white (see Table 3). The compact burnt C is calculated according to its minimum life of 3000 hours. The life of the incandescent lamp is calculated up to 1000 hours. From Table 3, after 3000 hours, the 9-watt compact burn lamp saves 67.50 compared with the 40-watt incandescent lamp. Yuan Renminbi. 9-watt compact fluorescent lamp instead of 40-watt incandescent lamp investment recovery analysis diagram (see Figure 5) 9-watt compact fluorescent lamp instead of 40-watt white light energy-saving comparison table Table 3 9W fluorescence): Ding 40W incandescent lamp power consumption (w) life (h) The price of lamps above 3000 (yuan) for each use of lOOh (yuan) per 2000h fee (yuan) per use 3000h fee (yuan) Note: 1, electricity fee is calculated at 1 yuan / KWh, 3000 hours , can save electricity 93 褓, save costs 67. 2, energy-saving fluorescent lamps international standard life 5,000 hours, incandescent lamps 1000 hours.

The mirror grille is made of mirror fabric, such as aluminum, and the cross section of the aluminum sheet is parabolic or wedge-shaped. Since the curved surface of the reflecting surface is designed reasonably, the material is polished and has semi-specular reflection and diffuse reflection, and the efficiency of the lamp is improved by 15-20%, which achieves the purpose of energy saving. According to the needs, it can be divided into two types: narrow light distribution type: the reflective surface structure of the lamp is parabolic shape, and the light is reflected to the surface of the object to be illuminated below, the brightness is relatively bright, but when the light is viewed from outside the light-shielding angle, the whole brightness is decline.

Wide light distribution: Through proper reflection, the light output below vertical is significantly reduced. The light distribution curve forms two “wing” light distributions, which are called batwing light distribution, which achieves the purpose of controlling glare and improving visual comfort.

If the lighting place satisfies the same illuminance, the number of T5 lamps (including lamps) installed is 30% compared with the number of T8 lamps (including Ting tubes), and 50% for T12 lamps (including l: T tubes). The disc unit is 32WX 2 T5 lamps 100. The average daily lighting is 8 hours, which is more energy-saving than T8 and T12, and saves money (as shown in Table 4). Other lamps have similar situations.

The number of tubular lamps is more energy-consuming and more expensive (only)

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